110 to 160 beats per minute with moderate variability of 6 to 25.

Moderate variability is the single most reassuring finding.

Variable-Cord compression, Early-Head compression, Accelerations-Okay, Late-Placental insufficiency.

Variables mean reposition. Lates mean stop the oxytocin.

Breasts, Uterus, Bladder, Bowel, Lochia, Episiotomy, Homan or lower limbs, Emotional state.

The standard postpartum head-to-toe framework.

Rubra (days 1 to 3), serosa (days 4 to 10), alba (day 10 to about six weeks).

Any return to bright red, or saturating a pad in under an hour, is reported.

Tone, Trauma, Tissue, Thrombin.

Tone is by far the most common, so massage the fundus first.

Heart rate 110 to 160, respirations 30 to 60, temperature 36.5 to 37.5 C axillary.

A respiratory rate over 60 at rest with grunting or flaring is reported.

Within the first 24 hours of life.

It usually indicates haemolysis such as blood group incompatibility.

Social smile, rolls front to back, sits with support and transfers, crawls and pincer grasp, pulls to stand and first words.

Birth weight doubles by 6 months and triples by 12 months.

Between 12 and 18 months. The posterior closes by about 2 months.

A bulging fontanelle suggests raised pressure; a sunken one suggests dehydration.

Drowning, poisoning and burns.

The hazard always follows the newly acquired skill: reaching and climbing.

Six or more wet nappies a day and steady weight gain.

Birth weight is usually regained by about two weeks.

Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity.

Match the intervention to the stage: choices for toddlers, achievement for school age, peers for adolescents.

Bleeding, leaking fluid, severe headache, visual change, epigastric pain, reduced fetal movement, persistent vomiting.

The last three of these are the preeclampsia warning triad plus fetal wellbeing.

The neural tube closes in the first four weeks, often before pregnancy is recognised.

400 to 800 micrograms daily is the usual recommendation.

Turn the client to the left side.

This takes the weight of the uterus off the inferior vena cava.

Open-ended questions, reflection, silence.

Also restating, clarifying, focusing, offering self and making observations.

Giving advice, false reassurance, asking why, changing the subject.

They move the focus away from the client and close the conversation.

A specific plan with available means and a set time.

Ask directly. Asking never increases risk.

Energy returns before mood lifts, so the client becomes able to act on suicidal thoughts.

Full effect takes four to six weeks.

Acknowledge that it feels real, do not validate the content, and ask what the voices are saying.

Command hallucinations to harm are a safety emergency.

Neither argue nor agree. Acknowledge the feeling and offer a practical alternative.

For food-related paranoia, offer sealed containers.

Tremor at 6 to 12 hours, hallucinations at 12 to 24, seizures at 24 to 48, delirium tremens at 48 to 72.

Benzodiazepines are the mainstay. Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal.

To prevent Wernicke encephalopathy.

Glucose metabolism consumes the remaining thiamine stores.

High-calorie finger foods and drinks the client can carry.

A client in mania cannot sit long enough for a meal.

Dystonia is early, sudden and reversible with an anticholinergic. Tardive dyskinesia is late and often permanent.

Laryngeal dystonia is an airway emergency.

Possible agranulocytosis. Check the absolute neutrophil count urgently.

Ongoing neutrophil monitoring is mandatory with clozapine.

Verbal calming, then reduce stimulation, then medication, then seclusion or restraint.

Least restrictive intervention first, always.

Name the behaviour, state the expectation, offer an acceptable alternative.

Limits apply to behaviour, never to feelings.

Interview the client alone.

Report on suspicion; never confront the suspected abuser.

No. Reduce the anxiety first, then teach.

Learning capacity drops sharply above moderate anxiety.